What is SLM Additive Manufacturing?

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Selective laser melting (SLM), also known as direct metal laser sintering (DMLS) or laser powder bed fusion (LPBF), is a powder bed fusion technology used in additive manufacturing. SLM uses a high-powered laser to fuse and melt metallic powders together to produce fully dense 3D objects layer by layer.

SLM is one of the most widely used metal 3D printing technologies thanks to its ability to produce complex geometries with mechanical properties comparable to traditionally manufactured metal parts. This comprehensive guide provides an overview of SLM technology, applications, materials, equipment suppliers, and tips for getting started.

Overview of SLM Additive Manufacturing

SLM is a powder bed fusion 3D printing process that uses a laser to selectively melt and fuse metallic powder particles in a layer-by-layer manner. An overview of how SLM works:

SLM Additive Manufacturing Process Overview

Process StepsDescription
3D Model CreationA CAD model of the desired part is created and converted into an STL file.
SlicingSlicing software divides the STL file into layers, generating build instructions for the printer.
Powder SpreadingA recoating blade spreads a thin layer of metal powder across the build plate.
Laser ScanningA high-powered laser melts and fuses powder particles in the pattern of each layer, bonding it to the layer below.
Lower Build PlatformThe build platform lowers, and new layer of powder is spread on top.
Repeat LayeringSteps repeat until full part is built up layer-by-layer.
Part RemovalUnfused powder is removed, revealing the completed 3D printed part.
Post-ProcessingPart may require additional finishing like sanding, polishing, heat treating.

Some key advantages of SLM additive manufacturing include:

  • Ability to produce highly complex geometries not possible with conventional methods.
  • Minimal material waste since powder can be reused.
  • Consolidated assemblies and lightweight structures can be printed as one piece.
  • Shorter time to market by reducing the need for custom tooling and fixturing.
  • Parts can be customized and designed for optimal performance with generative design.
  • Digital inventory – parts can be printed on demand as needed.
  • High dimensional accuracy and repeatability.

SLM enables companies in industries like aerospace, medical, and automotive to produce metal parts with mechanical properties meeting or exceeding traditionally manufactured metal components.

slm additive manufacturing
What is SLM Additive Manufacturing? 4

SLM Materials

A range of metals and metal alloys can be processed using selective laser melting. The most commonly used SLM materials include:

SLM Materials Overview

MaterialKey PropertiesApplications
Stainless Steel (316L, 17-4PH)High strength, corrosion resistanceAerospace, automotive, medical
Aluminum Alloys (AlSi10Mg, AlSi7Mg)Lightweight, strongAerospace, automotive
Titanium Alloys (Ti6Al4V, TiAl)Lightweight, biocompatibleAerospace, medical
Cobalt-Chrome (CoCr)Biocompatible, high hardnessDental, medical implants
Nickel Alloys (Inconel)Heat resistance, high strengthAerospace, automotive
Tool SteelsHigh hardness, wear resistanceTooling, molds

The most widely used SLM material is aluminum due to its strength-to-weight ratio, corrosion resistance, and cost. Titanium is popular for aerospace and medical applications where biocompatibility and high strength are critical.

Different metal powders are available with particle sizes ranging from 10-45 microns. Finer powders generally allow for higher resolution and accuracy. The powder particles are normally spherical in shape for optimal flowability and dense packing during the build process.

SLM Part Accuracy and Surface Finish

SLM is capable of producing parts with high accuracy and surface finishes suitable for many end-use applications. Here are some typical values for SLM part properties:

SLM Accuracy and Surface Finish

AttributeTypical Values
Dimensional Accuracy± 0.1-0.2% with ± 0.03-0.05 mm tolerance
Resolution20-100 microns
Surface Roughness (as-built)Ra 10-25 microns, Rz 50-100 microns
PorosityNearly fully dense (>99%)
Mechanical PropertiesCan match traditionally manufactured parts

Accuracy is influenced by factors like laser beam diameter, powder size, and layer thickness. Thinner layers (20-50 microns) allow for higher accuracy and finer details.

The as-built surface roughness from SLM is relatively high. Various finishing techniques can be used to improve surface finish like sanding, polishing, shot peening, and coating.

SLM Design Guidelines

To successfully leverage SLM additive manufacturing, components should be designed with the process limitations in mind. Here are some key SLM design guidelines:

SLM Design Guidelines

Design ConsiderationGuideline
OverhangsOverhangs greater than 45° may require supports.
Wall ThicknessMinimum wall thickness of ~0.3-0.5mm recommended.
Holes/OpeningsMinimum diameter of ~1mm for round holes. Consider tear-drop shaped holes.
TolerancesDesign with +/- 0.1-0.2mm tolerance for high accuracy applications.
Surface FinishAccount for post-processing if high surface finish is needed.
SupportsUse self-supporting angles or optimize orientation to minimize supports.
TextMinimum text height of 1mm, avoid thin protruding text.
Part OrientationOptimize for minimum supports, overhangs, build time.

Following DfAM (Design for Additive Manufacturing) principles allows you to maximize the design freedom of SLM and produce highly optimized components not possible with subtractive methods.

SLM Applications

The capabilities of SLM make it suitable for producing metal parts and prototypes across a broad range of industries including:

Key Applications of SLM

IndustryApplicationsComponents
AerospaceAircraft components, enginesTurbine blades, rocket nozzles, heat exchangers
MedicalDental restorations, implantsCrowns, bridges, orthopedic implants
AutomotivePerformance parts, custom designsLightweight chassis, custom aluminum parts
ToolingInjection molds, casting patternsConformal cooling channels for molds
ConsumerCustomized productsJewelry, gadgets, decorative art
DefenseComplex weapon systemsLightweight firearm receivers

Benefits like light weighting, part consolidation, mass customization, rapid prototyping, and performance improvements make SLM attractive across these industries. Metal additive also enables new levels of design complexity and optimization.

SLM Equipment Overview

SLM machines utilize a laser to selectively melt metal powders layer-by-layer based on a 3D model. Here are some of the main components and capabilities of modern SLM systems:

SLM Machine Components

ComponentDescription
Laser SourceFiber lasers up to 500 W with wavelength around 1 μm are common. Provides energy to melt powder.
Scanning SystemHigh-speed galvanometer mirrors or scanning array to control laser movement.
Powder BedBuild platform lowers as layers are applied. Powder spread with recoater blade or powder dispenser.
Powder SupplyIntegrated powder feed containers and valves to supply build area.
Inert Gas FlowArgon or nitrogen atmosphere to prevent oxidation.
ControlsSoftware to prepare and slice model, parameter selection, system controls.
Post-ProcessingMay include powder recovery, sieving, part cleaning equipment.

SLM Equipment Capabilities

ParameterTypical Range
Build Envelope100-500 mm x 100-500 mm x 100-500 mm
Layer Thickness20-100 μm
Laser Spot Size50-120 μm
Scan SpeedUp to 10 m/s
Minimum Feature Size150-300 μm
MaterialsStainless steel, aluminum, titanium, Inconel, more

Higher-end SLM machines offer larger build volumes, higher laser power for faster builds, and features like multi-laser capabilities. Machines are available from suppliers ranging from office-size desktop printers to large-scale production systems.

slm additive manufacturing
PREPed Metal Powders

SLM Post-Processing

SLM printed metal parts often require post-processing to achieve the desired finish and properties. Some typical post-processing steps include:

SLM Post-Processing

ProcessDescription
Support RemovalRemoving support structures from the part.
Thermal Stress ReliefHeat treating to relieve residual stresses from the build process.
Surface FinishingSanding, grinding, polishing, shot peening to improve surface finish.
Hot Isostatic PressingApplying high temperature and pressure to increase density, enhance properties.
MachiningConventional CNC machining for higher precision features or surfaces.
CoatingsApplying specialty coatings to resist wear, corrosion, etc.

The specific post-processing depends on the material, end-use requirements, and desired properties. Processes like annealing can also be performed to modify the microstructure and mechanical behavior as needed.

How to Choose an SLM Supplier

Selecting the right SLM supplier is important when adopting the technology. Here are key considerations for choosing an SLM equipment supplier:

Choosing an SLM Supplier

ConsiderationDetails
Build EnvelopeMatch build volume to your part size needs. Larger machines have higher upfront cost.
MaterialsEnsure machine offers the materials you aim to print with like stainless steel, titanium, etc.
Accuracy/Surface FinishSelect technology capable of your application requirements. May require post-processing.
Production vs PrototypingLower-cost desktop models for prototyping. Larger production systems for manufacturing.
Parameters/ControlsReview available build parameters, material profiles, and software capabilities.
Training and SupportLook for training programs and responsive technical support.
Post-Processing EquipmentRequires investment in equipment for powder recovery, surface finishing, heat treating.
Software EcosystemAssess capabilities for file preparation, process simulation, MES software integration.
Compliance and CertificationImportant for highly regulated sectors like aerospace, medical, automotive.

Work with SLM suppliers to select suitable equipment matched to your specific production and part needs. Many provide sample parts to evaluate quality and material properties.

SLM Equipment Suppliers and Costs

There is a range of equipment suppliers offering SLM systems for metal additive manufacturing. Here is an overview of leading SLM suppliers and approximate system pricing:

SLM Suppliers

SupplierSample SystemsApprox. Cost
EOSEOS M290, EOS M400$500,000 – $1,500,000
SLM SolutionsSLM®500, SLM®800$400,000 – $1,000,000
3D SystemsDMP Factory 500$500,000 – $800,000
GE AdditiveConcept Laser M2 Series 5$700,000 – $1,200,000
RenishawRenAM 500M$500,000 – $750,000

Desktop SLM Systems

SupplierSample SystemsApprox. Cost
MarkforgedMetal X$100,000 – $200,000
Desktop MetalStudio System 2$120,000 – $200,000
AddUpFormUp 350$100,000 – $300,000

For lower volume production, prototyping needs, or limited budgets, desktop SLM systems are available starting under $100,000. Larger production systems range from $400,000 to over $1 million.

Installing and Operating SLM Printers

To install and operate an SLM printer, some key requirements include:

SLM Printer Installation and Operation

ConsiderationDetails
SpaceEquipment has large footprint. Allow space for powder handling, post-processing.
PowerRequire 220V-480V electrical supply, may need chiller for cooling.
Inert GasNitrogen or argon supply with backup tanks.
VentilationFume extraction system to vent process emissions.
StaffingTrained operators to prepare files, setup builds, handle powder.
SafetyFollow protocols for powder handling, chemical handling, laser use. PPE.
MaintenanceDaily and periodic maintenance required, per supplier guidelines.
Parameter OptimizationTest builds required to optimize SLM process parameters.
Part RemovalUse powder recovery system or glove box for manual removal.

Work closely with your equipment supplier to prepare the facility and train staff. Expect a learning curve to become proficient operating the printer and post-processing parts.

Advantages and Limitations of SLM Printing

Here is an overview of the key advantages and limitations of selective laser melting technology:

SLM Advantages

  • Complex geometries and lightweight structures
  • High strength and surface hardness
  • Short lead time for production
  • Minimal waste material
  • Digitally flexible and customizable designs

SLM Limitations

  • Relatively high production costs per part
  • Limited size based on build envelope
  • Post-processing often required
  • Anisotropic material properties
  • Qualification required for high-performance applications
  • Limited material selection beyond metals

For the right applications, SLM can provide significant advantages over casting, CNC machining, and other conventional manufacturing processes for metal parts. The technology continues advancing to expand production capabilities.

SLM vs. Other Metal 3D Printing Processes

SLM is one of several metal additive manufacturing technologies available. Here is how it compares to other leading metal 3D printing processes:

Comparing Metal 3D Printing Processes

SLMDEDBinder Jetting
Power SourceLaserMetal wire fedAdhesives
Build ApproachPowder bedDeposition weldingPowder bed + binder
MaterialsAl, Ti, CoCr, moreAl, Ti, stainless, moreStainless steel, super alloys
AccuracyHighModerateMedium to high
Surface FinishRough to moderateRoughSmooth
Build SizeSmall to mediumMedium to largeMedium to large
ProductivityLow to moderateHighHigh

SLM is valued for small to medium precise parts with good mechanical properties. DED is faster and can produce very large parts. Binder jetting offers high productivity but has limitations on material properties.

SLM Metal 3D Printing Costs

Here is an overview of typical cost factors for selective laser melting:

SLM Cost Drivers

  • Machine equipment purchase ($100,000 – $1,000,000+)
  • Material costs ($50-$500/kg powder)
  • Labor for operations and post-processing
  • Additional equipment for powder handling, finishing
  • Facility upgrades like ventilation, utilities
  • Production volume (costs higher for low volumes)

For context, SLM printed metal parts can range from $2,000 to $10,000+ per part depending on the factors above. Use SLM for low to medium volumes where benefits outweigh costs. Subtractive methods like CNC machining are more economical at higher volumes.

SLM Industry Standards

As an emerging technology, SLM additive manufacturing is an active area for standards development to support quality, repeatability, and part qualification. Some key standards activities include:

SLM Standards Development

Standards BodyExample Efforts
ASTMStandards for powder bed processing, test methods, and materials like titanium alloys.
ISOStandards for terminology, design, processes, test methods, and qualification principles.
SAEAerospace material and process specifications for laser powder bed fusion.
APIDeveloping process standards for oil and gas applications.
ASMEGuides for design, materials, and process qualification.
America Makes & ANSIStandardization roadmap for metal AM.

Certification and compliance with standards is critical for regulated industries to adopt SLM AM technology confidently. Continued development of standards will enable broader adoption of SLM across industries.

slm additive manufacturing
PREPed Metal Powders

Getting Started with Metal SLM Printing

For companies exploring selective laser melting technology, here are some recommended steps to get started:

Tips to Start with SLM

  • Evaluate SLM material and application fit
  • Compare capabilities of SLM machine suppliers
  • Budget for equipment, installation, materials, and training costs
  • Start with an experienced AM production partner if possible
  • Design test parts tailored to SLM strengths
  • Optimize process parameters like orientations, supports, layer thickness, etc.
  • Validate mechanical properties meet requirements
  • Assess post-processing needs for finishing
  • Develop internal expertise and training program
  • Leverage AM design resources and software tools

Partnering with an SLM service provider can help minimize initial risks and access advanced expertise in the technology. As experience is gained, bringing SLM in-house provides maximum production control and IP protection.

FAQs

Q: What materials can be processed with SLM?

A: The most common SLM materials are aluminum, titanium, stainless steel, cobalt-chrome, nickel alloys, and tool steels. New material options are continually being qualified.

Q: What is the typical accuracy of SLM printed parts?

A: Accuracy is generally around ±0.1-0.2% with tolerances of ±0.03-0.05 mm possible. Thinner layers down to 20 microns allow higher accuracy.

Q: Does SLM require any post-processing?

A: Some post-processing like support removal, surface finishing, heat treating, and machining is often needed to get the desired properties and cosmetic appearance.

Q: How dense are SLM-printed metal parts?

A: SLM can produce near-fully dense parts (>99% density) provided parameters are optimized for the material used.

Q: What types of designs are best for SLM?

A: Complex, lightweight geometries with lattices and organic shapes benefit most from SLM design freedom. Avoid thin or narrow unsupported features.

Q: Is it possible to print large parts with SLM?

A: The maximum size is limited by the printer’s build envelope, typically under 500x500x500 mm. Larger systems are in development but have tradeoffs.

Q: How does quality compare to traditional manufacturing?

A: With parameter optimization and post-processing, SLM parts can achieve material properties on par with traditional methods. Part qualification is still required.

Q: What factors most influence the costs?

A: Machine equipment, material costs, labor, volume, and complexity of post-processing are major drivers. Optimizing these can reduce costs.

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